Szolidaritás az ukrajnai menekültekkel Magyarországon: gyakorlatok és attitűdök egy lakossági felmérés alapján

In February 2022 Russia launched the full-scale invasion of Ukraine,
sending millions to seek safety internally or in other countries. To date, European countries responded in a supportive way to the arrival of displaced people
from Ukraine, mobilising wide-ranging legal and infrastructural frameworks.
This relatively unanimous solidarity sharply contrasts with the ambivalent attitudes towards people from Africa and the Middle East arriving to Europe during
the 2015 ‘refugee crisis’. Our research explores the civic and voluntary engagements helping Ukrainian displaced people in Hungary and aims to understand
civilian expressions of solidarity by comparing and historically contextualising
it with processes implied by ‘the long summer of migration’ of 2015.
With this research we aim to contribute to the study of actors or ‘makers’ of
solidarity in the current civic mobilisation: the socio-demographic and socioeconomic positions of helpers as well as their attitudes to various displaced
groups. Differential degrees of vulnerability and the capacities to preserve dignified human life, as two poles of the human condition, tailor propositions,
visions, and justifications on deservingness.

The research, based on a survey on a representative population sample of
1000 adults in Hungary conducted in June 2022, inquired on voluntary and paid
forms of assistance, views on what those displaced by the war may need and
deserve, and the motivations for providing assistance.
Our results show an ambivalent picture: it undergirds empirically the exceptional momentum and mobilising power of civil solidarity in Hungary in
the context of the war in Ukraine, both in terms of practical assistance and on
the level of attitudes. On the other hand, it reveals severe vulnerabilities of
civic engagement, which show continuities rather than contrasts vis-à-vis civic
solidarities in 2015: the limitations of personal individual resources (e.g. the
lack of regular support, at least at the time of data collection), the inequalities
in sharing the burdens of humanitarian support (e.g. differences in the scale of
paid and unpaid involvement, the severe overload of different caring sectors
and women).
Keywords: solidarity, deservingness, civic mobilisation, Ukrainian displaced people